I have such a situation. Windows 7 x64 sp1, no updates. I tried to install VS17 and VS19. I run the vs_Community.exe installer, it says that before starting, you need to configure something. It downloads 70MB from the Internet, installs something for a minute and just closes. There is nothing left in the Task Manager related to the VS installation. % TEMP% writes small logs from which it is clear that the installer worked without errors.
The vs_installershell.exe file appears in the C: \ Program Files (x86) \ Microsoft Visual Studio \ Installer \ folder, if you run it, the Visual Studio Installer window opens, which says that you have nothing installed and offers to download the vs_Community.exe file again …

Answer 1, authority 100%

So, in order for the Visual installer to work, it requires Windows to download KB2919355, KB2932046, KB2959977, KB2937592, KB2938439, KB2934018 such updates and in this order,
I solved the problem by simply turning on the updates and put the computer on for the night, woke up in the morning, rebooted the computer and everything works! Answer: Download the initial Win7 updates.

Answer 2, authority 100%

I had the same thing, it did not even start, giving an error, despite the fact that all the latest updates were installed. Rolled back for 2 months – still the same problem. Reinstalling .Net runtime and Visual C++ 15-19 redistributable helped.

P.S. As a result, a week after installation, I opened the installer v 2.9.3365 – it crashes without error at all, but at least it starts. Tried to do like here – doesn’t help